Development of a self-report measure of environmental spatial ability

Environmental spatial abilities are involved in everyday tasks such as finding one’s way in the environment and learning the layout of a new environment. Self-report measures of environmental abilities, e.g., asking people to rate their ‘‘sense of direction (SOD),’’ have been found to predict objective measures of these abilities quite highly. In this study, we developed a standardized self-report scale of environmental spatial ability, the Santa Barbara Sense of Direction Scale (SBSOD). The scale proved to be internally consistent and had good test–retest reliability. A series of four validity studies examined its relation to measures of spatial updating and acquisition of spatial knowledge at different scales and acquired from different learning experiences. These studies suggested that the SBSOD is related to tasks that require one to update location in space as a result of self-motion. It is more highly correlated with tests of spatial knowledge that involve orienting oneself within the environment thanwith tests that involve estimating distances or drawing maps. Self-report SOD is also somewhat more highly correlated with measures of spatial knowledge acquired from direct experience in the environment than with measures of knowledge acquired from maps, video, or virtual environments (VE). D 2002 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved.